So, our observation is disturbing the system and the system we see is the disturbed one. We can also put it another way, the light’s particle nature transfers momentum to the electrons and other particles in the atom and makes them uncertain. In other words, our observation makes the atom to take a stand but actually, the electrons are continuously in motion and thus we deviate from reality. Let us observe an atom since observation is an act of measurement, we cannot observe the truth that underlies within an atom. ExplanationĪccording to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the measurement of position makes speed very uncertain so that the system is disturbed by the act of measurement. This principle is true since its application has given results that are very accurate. If you know the speed exactly, you cannot know where it is and vice-versa. In simple words, you cannot know where a particle is and how fast it is moving at the same time. It states that ” The more precisely the position is determined, the less precisely the momentum (speed) is known at that instant and vice-versa. Heisenberg uncertainty principle was published by German physicist Werner Heisenberg in 1927. It has transformed the concept of reality, though the world seems so real despite being so unreal and uncertain at the quantum level. This was one of the answer unfolded by 5th Solvay conference resulted by the concept of duality and Heisenberg uncertainty principle. So the quantum mechanical level with the HUP does not allow/smooths infinities.In quantum level, the act of measurement affects the measured. They are not "free" except in a vacuum and there the only way we can know of their existence will be by electric and magnetic fields where again the HUP will be the constraint, and when momenta will be so low as to be called "at rest" the electron will be in an energy level of the magnetic or electric field that is sensing it. The electrons, for example,will be in some quantum mechanical orbital, whether atomic or band structure. The classical framework has to be abandoned once the dimensions and momenta are constrained by the HUP. With this answer I am trying to stress that at the level of nanometers and below, the atomic and molecular dimensions, the concept of "at rest" is a classical concept that has no meaning in a quantum mechanical system. On the other hand there are no infinities, just indeterminacy and a probabilistic value for momentum of the electron in the orbital. The bound electron fulfills the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (HUP) as it is expressed as a solution of Schroedinger's equation. One of them has captured this specific electron. Now suppose we had a detector at the level of individual hydrogen atoms. We can measure the momentum of the electron, the change due to ionisation, and its position as it goes through the spiral and finally know its final (x,y,z) at rest, and 0 momentum.Įven though we are dealing with an elementary particle we are still, with our measurements and the errors in position and momentum at the realm where the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is obeyed just by the magnitude of measurement errors. Let us take an electron's track in a bubble chamber where there is also a magnetic field.
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